majusiinternet

Contents page of the issue May 2006

EQUINE
I. Filipsz, O. Kutasi, K. Veres, G. Bodó: Urinary bladder rupture complicated with nonreducable direct herniation through the umbilical area in a newborn stallion foal. Case report / 259

POULTRY
N. Pálmai, Z. Deim, K. Erdélyi, Á. Bálint, Á. Dán, L. Márton, R. Glávits: Gross- and histopathological lesions caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in mute swans (Cygnus olor). Preliminary report / 265 Full text article
I. Héjja, E. Várkonyi, L. Zöldág, J. Barna: Significance of chimerism in domestic fowl. Literature review / 273
V. Palya, É. Ivanics, R. Glávits, J. Skáre, Eöné Nagy, T. Bakonyi, I. Bajusz: Reoccurrence of duck viral hepatitis epidemics — possibilities for prevention and control / 281

SMALL ANIMALS
D. Timmann, M. Hofstetter, I. Kathmann, A. Jaggy: Narcoleptic/cataplexic German pointer. Case report / 288

PARASITOSES
R. Farkas, É. Hell, T. Pálfi: The efficacy of four anthelmintics against small strongyles in a stud farm in Hungary / 291

ANIMAL WELFARE
A. L. Vecsei, L. Visnyei: Legislation of the welfare of pet animals in Hungary and in the European organizations / 298

ANDROLOGY
A. Horváth, J. Vásárhelyi, O. Szenci: The motility of spermatozoas. Literature review. Part 1. Structure of the motility and its assessment / 308

EVENT
International Conference of World Society of Hungarian Veterinarians (Nagyvárad, Félix-fürdő, 17–18 February 2006) (F. Karsai) / 317

IN MEMORIAM
György Garamvölgyi (1947–2006) (L. Visnyei) / 318
Péter Rudas (1951–2006) (V. L. Frenyó, F. Kutas) / 319

I. Filipsz – O. Kutasi – K. Veres – G. Bodó:
URINARY BLADDER RUPTURE COMPLICATED WITH NONREDUCABLE DIRECT HERNIATION THROUGH THE UMBILICAL AREA IN A NEWBORN STALLION FOAL. CASE REPORT

The authors review the literature of urinary bladder and urachus rupture in newborn foals from differential diagnostic point of view, and describe a case report of an uncommon type of bladder rupture. A four years old quarter mare delivered a stallion foal without complication. The foal stood up and sucked colostrum after 20 minutes, but 1 hour after birth the umbilical region became oedematous, which later extended to the perineal region, preputium and ventral abdominal wall. The foal passed meconium but could not urinate. With ultrasonographic examination multiple fluid filled cavities were observed in the inguinal subcutis and around umbilicus. Ultrasonography of the abdomen did not reveale increased amount of free abdominal fluid but the bladder could not be visualised. During surgery performed 16 hours after birth direct herniation of the outward turned bladder through the caudal ridge of the umbilical ring was recognised. Bladder was ruptured along the dorsal wall about 10–15 cm in length. Surgical intervention included resection of umbilicus and one third of bladder wall, closure of the bladder in two layers, quick check of abdominal cavity followed by abdominal flushing with 6 litres of sterile isotonic saline solution. During the first post-operative week seroma developed on the left inguinal side, which refilled itself after suction. During the second postoperative week excessive necrosis of subcutaneous tissue had to be removed through another surgical intervention. During the 6 months follow-up period after surgery no other complication occurred, and the foal is in optimal grow rate and condition.

I. Héjja – E. Várkonyi - L. Zöldág – J. Barna:
SIGNIFICANCE OF CHIMERISM IN DOMESTIC FOWL. PART 1. LITERATURE REVIEW

Chimeras produced in birds and mammalian species are organisms constructed from cells of two or more different genotypes, chimeras can occur in nature as well (zygote fusion, freemartinism). One of the ex situ gene-preservation techniques is the long-term storage of pluripotent embryonic stem cells obtained from the fertilized eggs. One possible way of regaining the stored genomes is the production of chimeras. The stored donor cells are injected into recipient embryos, where they integrate into the embryonic cells and tissues. Cells integrating into the sexual organs produce germline chimeras, and ensure that in some of the gametes the genotype of the donor cells are represented. Thus, the stored cells can be regained in the second generation. Production of viable germline chimera individuals in domestic fowl was proved by Petitte et al. (1990). Since then, besides the hens, there were trials to produce duck, goose chimeras, moreover interspecific (quail/hen) chimeras as well.

V. Palya – É. Ivanics – R. Glávits – J. Skáre – Eöné Nagy – T. Bakonyi – I. Bajusz:
RE-OCCURRENCE OF DUCK VIRAL HEPATITIS EPIDEMICS – POSSIBILITIES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL

After a 15-year long disease free period, the authors report the re-occurrence of duck viral hepatitis in 2004 and 2005. The epidemic occurred in the South of Hungary between the river Duna and Tisza, and affected 112 Peking and one Mulard duck flocks.
In typical cases mortalities began at the age of 8 to 9 days and continued until day 16 to 17. Losses due to mortality ranged from 25 to 30%. The observed clinical symptoms, pathological and histopathological changes were similar to those described earlier in the literature. The virus was isolated in embryonated Muscovy duck eggs and identified by virus neutralisation as type 1 duck hepatitis virus. Individual efforts to control the disease and reduce losses, by vaccination of day old ducklings or by introduction of geese groups between duck shifts were only partially successful.
Their experience confirmed that successful control of the disease can only be achieved by the simultaneous application of preventive sanitary measures and biosecurity, e. g. breaking the infection chain preventing virus introduction and by adequate vaccination of the breeding flocks.

R. Farkas – É. Hell – T. Pálfi:
THE EFFICACY OF FOUR ANTHELMINTICS AGAINST SMALL STRONGYLES IN A STUD FARM IN HUNGARY

The species of subfamily Cyathostominae (Nematoda: Strongylidae), called as small strongyles are the most common nematodes of horses worldwide. The majority of anthelmintics are ineffective or partly effective against the mucosal larval stages of these parasites which can cause larval cyathostominosis (larval cyathostomosis) resulting in mild or severe clinical signs, mainly in chronic diarrhoea. The other problem caused by this parasitosis is related to anthelmintic resistance developed in cyathostomes against benzimidazoles and pyrantels which have been detected in many countries.
For a few decades benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones have been used for anthelmintic treatments of horses in Hungary. However, no field or laboratory studies have evaluated the efficacy of the products against the small strongyles. For this reason the efficacy of Eqvalan paste (ivermectin), Equest 2% oral gel (moxidectin), Promectin Plus paste (abamectin and praziquantel) and PALO gel (mebendazole) was checked with an in vivo method (Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test=FECRT). Ten horses of each group infected with small strongyles were treated once with a product and ten animals of the fifth group remained untreated as controls. According to the results of FECRT, the efficacy of products containing ivermectin or moxidectin was 99% (confidence interval at the level of 95% was between 93 and 100) and 100% for abamectin. The mean fecal egg count reduction was only 18% in horses treated with PALO gel indicating that a high level of mebendazole resistance occurred in the local cyathostome populations. Based on the first detection of benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles in Hungary the authors discuss the risk factors for the development of anthelmintic resistance and those issues that should be taken into account for delaying the development of drug resistance in equine cyathostomin nematodes.

A. L. Vecsei – L. Visnyei:
LEGISLATION OF THE WELFARE OF PET ANIMALS IN HUNGARY AND IN THE EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS

The authors review the animal welfare regulations of Hungary, the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (COE) relating, in particular to the protection of pet animals. They find that among the EU rules only the directives concerning animal transport contain provisions for not only animals kept for farming purposes but for pet animals, too. Among the Hungarian regulations, the general provisions of the Animal Protection Act apply to pet animals as well, stating numerous obligations and restraints on keeping. The provisions of the protection during transport relate to all vertebrate animals. The regulation about animal sanctuaries serves the protection of pet animals. The sanctions for all the actions against the regulations protect all species under the scope of the Animal Protection Act. Among the numerous animal welfare conventions of the COE the Convention No125 animal welfare is for the protection of pet animals. It defines the principles of the keeping of animals and the animal welfare, prohibits the breeding goals which mean health risk to the female parent or offspring, declares age limit on acquisition of 16 years, prohibits the surgical operations for the purpose of modifying the appearance and disposes of the reduction of the number of stray animals.
The authors call for the Hungarian accession to the Conventions of the COE concerning animal protection. In the case of the Convention No125 it is possible with slight amendments of the national Animal Protection Act (definition of pet animal, prohibition of the breeding for the purpose of exaggerated appearance, initiation of age limit for the owners and the prohibition of surgical operations with non-curative purposes), which amendments ensure the complete compliance with the Convention.

A. Horváth – J. Vásárhelyi – O. Szenci:
THE MOTILITY OF THE SPERMATOZOAS. LITERATURE REVIEW. PART 1. THE STRUCTURE OF THE MOTILITY AND ITS ASSESSMENT

The review article discusses the morphological and functional structures such as the plasma membrane, the mitochondria, the flagellar microtubular system and the biochemistry of the motility, whose coordinated functions produce and maintain the motility of the sperm cell. The alternative methods of the evaluation for these structures used partially or completely in daily sperm assessment are also discussed because their knowledge becomes more and more important by the spread of the assisted reproductive technologies.